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List of Indian inventions and discoveries. This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of ancient and modern India, including both the ancient and medieval nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. It draws from the whole cultural and technological history of India, during which architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology and mineralogy were among the branches of study pursued by its scholars. During recent times science and technology in the Republic of India has also focused on automobile engineering, information technology, communications as well as research into space and polar technology. For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in India, and as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact. It also does not include technologies or discoveries developed elsewhere and later invented separately in India, nor inventions by Indian emigres in other places. Changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on in the lists. Inventions. Ghosh, Massey, and Banerjee (2. India to the Indus Civilization. Metrology. They correspond closely with the . Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'. Oleg Sherby and Dr. Jeff Wadsworth and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have all done research, attempting to create steels with characteristics similar to Wootz, but without success J. D Verhoeven and Al Pendray attained some success in the reconstruction methods of production, proved the role of impurities of ore in the pattern creation, and reproduced Wootz steel with patterns microscopically and visually identical to one of the ancient blade patterns. Patent 7. 55,8. 40, . Bose's revolutionary demonstration forms the foundation of the technology used in mobile telephony, radars, satellite communication, radios, television broadcast, Wi. Fi, remote controls and countless other applications. Murty, a type of Lateral Shearing Interferometer utilizes a laser source for measuring refractive index. He successfully used these iron- cased rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo- Mysore Wars. The Mysore rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo- Mysore War and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, and were soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars. The dome shaped stupa was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance: (RISUG), formerly referred to as the synthetic polymerstyrene maleic anhydride (SMA), is the development name of a male contraceptive injection developed at IIT Kharagpur in India by the team of Dr. Sujoy K Guha. Phase III clinical trials are underway in India, slowed by insufficient volunteers. A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling Sapindus with dried Indian gooseberry (aamla) and a few other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, is called Ksuna (Sanskrit: . When they returned to Europe, they introduced their newly learnt habits, including the hair treatment they called shampoo. CE). The term kridapatram literally means . It is made of a curved shell and about 5. He has mentioned calico fabric prints done in a lotus design. This mechanical device was, in some parts of India, driven by water power. Everyone is now wondering what else has been similarly overlooked. Seshadri. Basu's theorem: The Basu's theorem, a result of Debabrata Basu (1. The Kosambi- Karhunen- Lo. Stochastic processes given by infinite series of this form were first. CE). 9. 50~1. 00. CE). Selenuis held that no European performances at the time of Bh. It was developed in the Indian subcontinent between the 1st and 6th centuries CE. AD), Gop. 1. 13. 5), and Hemachandra (c. BC). Zero, symbol: Indians were the first to use the zero as a symbol and in arithmetic operations, although Babylonians used zero to signify the 'absent'. Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. They manipulated the error term to derive a faster converging series for . They found a number of special cases of series later derived by Brook Taylor series. They also found the second- order Taylor approximations for these functions, and the third- order Taylor approximation for sine. Shrikhande in 1. 95. Sign convention: Symbols, signs and mathematical notation were employed in an early form in India by the 6th century when the mathematician- astronomer Aryabhata recommended the use of letters to represent unknown quantities. On the Use of the Indian Numerals (ca. Indian surgeon Susruta performed cataract surgery by the 6th century BCE. Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine: Ayurveda and Siddha are ancient systems of medicine practiced in South Asia. Ayurvedic ideas can be found in the Hindu text. Ayurveda has evolved over thousands of years, and is still practiced today. In an internationalized form, it can be thought of as a complementary and alternative medicine. In village settings, away from urban centres, it is simply . Herbs and minerals are basic raw materials of the Siddha therapeutic system whose origins may be dated to the early centuries CE. It is unclear when diamonds were first mined in India, although estimated to be at least 5,0. CE) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose. Ashtekar variables are the key building block of loop quantum gravity. Bhatnagar- Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance: Invented jointly by Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and K. N. Mathur in 1. 92. Bhatnagar- Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance' was a modern instrument used for measuring various magnetic properties. Bhabha published a paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, in which he performed the first calculation to determine the cross section of electron- positron scattering. Bosons make up one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions. Braunstein and Simone Severini. Chandrasekhar limit and Chandrasekhar number: Discovered by and named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1. He also developed the Ramachandran angles, which serve as a convenient tool for communication, representation, and various kinds of data analysis. The phenomenon is named for Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, who discovered it in 1. When a beam of light traverses a dust- free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming) beam. Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman effect. This was a key ingredient of the Penrose- Hawking singularity theorems of general relativity. The first incontrovertible evidence of water on the moon was provided by the payload Chace carried by the Moon Impact Probe released by Chandrayaan- 1. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers Varahamihira and Bhadrabahu, and the 1. Bhattotpala listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is unfortunately not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were. Vishveshwara discovered the quasinormal modes of black holes. Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila and Lahuradewa in present- day Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1. BCE—1. 20. 0 BCE. Spikes, knives, daggers, arrow- heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings etc. It was developed in 1. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, led by Dr. Swami Manohar in collaboration with Encore India, a company based in. Bangalore. They are applied wherever exact descriptions of languages are needed: for instance, in official language specifications, in manuals, and in textbooks on programming language theory. The idea of describing the structure of language using rewriting rules can be traced back to at least the work of P. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form. Same language subtitling: Same Language Subtitling (SLS) refers to the idea of subtitling in the same language as the audio, converse to the original idea of subtitling, which was to present a different language. This idea was struck upon by Brij Kothari, who believed that SLS makes reading practice an incidental, automatic,and subconscious part of popular TV entertainment, at a low per- person cost to shore up literacy rates in India. They did not find statistically significant differences between weights that were excavated from five different layers, each measuring about 1. This was evidence that strong control existed for at least a 5. The 1. 3. 7- g weight seems to be one of the units used in the Indus valley. The notation was based on the binary and decimal systems. Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces. ISBN 9. 78- 3- 5. Retrieved 2. 00. 9- 0. Pagoda.^Rodda, J. The Basis of Civilization - Water Science? International Association of Hydrological Sciences (International Association of Hydrological Sciences Press 2. Whitelaw, page 1. Whitelaw, page 1. Iwata, 2. 25. 4^Petruso, Karl M (1. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. JSTOR 4. 17. 16. 34. Retrieved 5 August 2. Retrieved 1. 3 April 2.
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